Dukurikije imibare ifatika, umubare w’abakoresha interineti ya FTTH/FTTP/FTTB ku isi uzagera kuri 59% muri 2025. Amakuru yatanzwe n’ikigo gishinzwe ubushakashatsi ku isoko cya Point Topic agaragaza ko iyi ntambwe y’iterambere izaba iri hejuru ya 11% ugereranyije n’urwego ruriho ubu.
Ingingo ivuga ko hazaba hari abakoresha interineti ihoraho miliyari 1.2 ku isi yose mu mpera za 2025. Mu myaka ibiri ya mbere, umubare w’abakoresha interineti ku isi yose warenze miliyari imwe.
Aba bakoresha hafi 89% baherereye mu masoko 30 ya mbere ku isi. Muri ayo masoko, FTTH n'ikoranabuhanga rijyanye nayo bizakuramo cyane cyane isoko rya xDSL, kandi umugabane w'isoko rya xDSL uzagabanuka kuva kuri 19% ukagera kuri 9% mu gihe cy'iteganyagihe. Nubwo umubare w'abakoresha fibre mu nyubako (FTTC) na VDSL na DOCSIS-based hybrid fiber/coaxial cable (HFC) ugomba kuzamuka mu gihe cy'iteganyagihe, umugabane w'isoko uzakomeza kuba mwiza. Muri bo, FTTC izaba ingana na 12% by'umubare wose w'abahuza, naho HFC izaba ingana na 19%.
Kugaragara kwa 5G bigomba gukumira ikoreshwa rya interineti idahinduka mu gihe cy’iteganyagihe. Mbere yuko 5G itangira gukoreshwa, ntibirashoboka kumenya ingaruka ku isoko.
Iyi nkuru izagereranya ikoranabuhanga ryo kugera kuri Passive Optical Network (PON) n'ikoranabuhanga ryo kugera kuri Active Optical Network (AON) hashingiwe ku miterere y'imiturire mu gihugu cyanjye, kandi isesengura ibyiza n'ibibi byo gukoreshwa kwayo mu miturire mu Bushinwa. , Mu gusobanura ibibazo byinshi bigaragara mu ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo kugera kuri FTTH mu turere tw'imiturire mu gihugu cyanjye, ikiganiro kigufi ku ngamba zikwiye z'igihugu cyanjye zo guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ryo gukoresha FTTH.
1. Ibiranga isoko ry'igihugu cyanjye rya FTTH
Kugeza ubu, isoko nyamukuru ryibandwaho rya FTTH mu Bushinwa nta gushidikanya ko ari abatuye mu midugudu minini, iciriritse n'imito. Imiturire yo mu mijyi muri rusange ni imidugudu yo guturamo nk'ubusitani. Ibintu bidasanzwe bakora ni: kubana kw'ingo nyinshi. Imiturire imwe muri rusange ifite abaturage hagati ya 500 na 3000, ndetse bamwe bakaba ari n'ingo ibihumbi mirongo; imidugudu yo guturamo (harimo n'inyubako z'ubucuruzi) muri rusange ifite ibyumba by'itumanaho byo gushyiramo ibikoresho byo kugera ku itumanaho no gutanga umurongo mu baturage bose. Iyi miterere irakenewe kugira ngo abakora itumanaho bahiganwe kandi bahuze serivisi nyinshi z'itumanaho. Intera kuva ku cyumba cya mudasobwa kugera ku mukoresha muri rusange ni munsi ya kilometero 1; abakora itumanaho rikomeye n'abakora televiziyo ya cable muri rusange bashyizeho imibare mito (ubusanzwe hagati ya 4 na 12) y'insinga z'amashanyarazi kugera ku byumba bya mudasobwa by'amazu cyangwa inyubako z'ubucuruzi; itumanaho ryo mu ngo no kugera kuri CATV mu baturage. Imiturire ya cable ni iya buri mukozi. Ikindi kiranga isoko ry’igihugu cyanjye rya FTTH ni uko hari imbogamizi mu gutanga serivisi z’itumanaho: abakora itumanaho ntibemerewe gutanga serivisi za CATV, kandi ibi ntibishobora guhinduka mu gihe kirekire mu gihe kizaza.
2. Guhitamo ikoranabuhanga rya FTTH Access mu gihugu cyanjye
1) Ibibazo byagaragaye muri porogaramu za FTTH mu gihugu cyanjye kubera uburyo bwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ritagenda neza (PON).
Ishusho ya 1 igaragaza imiterere y'umuyoboro n'ikwirakwizwa ry'umuyoboro mwiza wa optique (Passive Optical Network-PON). Ibiranga by'ingenzi ni: terminal y'umurongo wa optique (Optical Line Terminal-OLT) ishyirwa mu cyumba cya mudasobwa cya optique, kandi hashyirwamo ibice bya optique (Splitter). ) Yegereye cyane ishami rya optique (Optical Network Unit——ONU) ku ruhande rw'umukoresha. Intera iri hagati ya OLT na ONU ingana n'intera iri hagati y'icyumba cya mudasobwa cya optique n'umukoresha, isa n'intera ihoraho yo kugera kuri telefoni, muri rusange ikaba ari kilometero nyinshi, kandi Splitter muri rusange iri metero mirongo kugeza amagana uvuye kuri ONU. Iyi miterere n'imiterere ya PON bigaragaza ibyiza bya PON: umuyoboro wose kuva mu cyumba cya mudasobwa kugeza ku mukoresha ni umuyoboro wa optique; umutungo munini wa fibre optique kuva mu cyumba cya mudasobwa kugeza ku mukoresha urabikwa; kubera ko ari umwe kuri benshi, umubare w'ibikoresho biri mu cyumba cya mudasobwa cya hagati uragabanuka kandi ugabanuka, bigabanya umubare w'insinga mu cyumba cya mudasobwa cya hagati.
Imiterere myiza y'umuyoboro wa optique udakoresha ingufu (PON) mu gace k'imiturire: OLT ishyirwa mu cyumba cya mudasobwa cy'umukozi ukoresha itumanaho. Dukurikije ihame ry'uko Splitter yegereye umukoresha uko bishoboka kose, Splitter ishyirwa mu gasanduku ko gusakaza hasi. Birumvikana ko iyi miterere myiza ishobora kugaragaza ibyiza bya PON, ariko nta kabuza izazana ibibazo bikurikira: Ubwa mbere, insinga ya fiber optique ifite umubare munini irakenewe kuva mu cyumba cya mudasobwa rwagati kugera mu gace k'imiturire, nk'amazu 3000 yo guturamo, ibarwa ku gipimo cy'ishami cya 1:16. Hafi insinga 200 z'amashanyarazi zikenewe, ariko ubu ni cores 4-12 gusa, biragoye cyane kongera gushyiramo insinga za optique; icya kabiri, abakoresha ntibashobora guhitamo umukoresha mu bwisanzure, bashobora guhitamo gusa serivisi itangwa n'umukozi umwe ukoresha itumanaho, kandi ni ngombwa ko umukoresha umwe yiharira. Imiterere y'ubucuruzi ntabwo ifasha mu guhangana kw'abakoresha benshi, kandi inyungu z'abakoresha ntizishobora kurindwa neza. Icya gatatu, imashini zikwirakwiza urumuri zishyirwa mu gasanduku ko gusakaza hasi zizatuma uduce dukwirakwiza urumuri dutatana cyane, bigatuma bigorana cyane kugena, kubungabunga no gucunga. Ndetse biragoye cyane; icya kane, ntibishoboka kunoza imikoreshereze y'ibikoresho bya interineti n'aho binjirira, kuko mu gihe cy'ubwikorezi bwa PON imwe, igipimo cyo kugera ku bakoresha kiragoye 100%.
Imiterere nyayo y'umuyoboro wa optique udakoresha ingufu (PON) mu gace k'imiturire: OLT na Splitter byombi bishyirwa mu cyumba cya mudasobwa cy'aho imiturire iherereye. Ibyiza by'iyi miterere nyayo ni: insinga za fibre optique zo hasi ni zo zikenewe kuva mu cyumba cya mudasobwa rwagati kugera mu gace k'imiturire, kandi insinga za optique zihari zishobora guhaza ibyifuzo; imirongo yo kwinjira mu gace kose k'imiturire ishyirwa mu cyumba cya mudasobwa cy'aho imiturire iherereye, bigatuma abakoresha bahitamo abikorera batandukanye mu by'itumanaho. Ku bakoresha itumanaho, umuyoboro woroshye cyane kuwushyiraho, kuwubungabunga no kuwucunga; kubera ko ibikoresho byo kwinjira n'amapaneli yo gupakira biri mu cyumba kimwe cy'inyuma, nta gushidikanya ko bizanoza cyane imikoreshereze y'ibikoresho, kandi ibikoresho byo kwinjira bishobora kwaguka buhoro buhoro bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'umubare w'abakoresha. . Ariko, iyi miterere nyayo ifite n'intege nke zayo zigaragara: Icya mbere, imiterere y'umuyoboro wo guta PON ni inyungu nini y'imiyoboro idakoresha ingufu, kandi icyumba cya mudasobwa cyo hagati ku muyoboro w'abakoresha kiracyari umuyoboro ukora; icya kabiri, ntabwo izigama umutungo wa fibre optique kubera PON; , ibikoresho bya PON bifite imiterere y'umuyoboro ihenze kandi igoye.
Muri make, PON ifite impande ebyiri zivuguruzanya mu ikoreshwa rya FTTH ry’amazu yo guturamo: Dukurikije imiterere n’imiterere ya PON, ishobora rwose guha umwanya ibyiza byayo by’umwimerere: umuyoboro wose kuva mu cyumba cya mudasobwa rwagati kugeza ku mukoresha ni umuyoboro udakora, ukiza icyumba kinini cya mudasobwa hagati. Ku mutungo w’insinga za fiber optique z’umukoresha, umubare n’ingano y’ibikoresho mu cyumba cya mudasobwa rwagati biroroshye; icyakora, inazana inenge zisa n’izidashoboka: kwiyongera gukomeye mu gushyiraho imiyoboro ya fiber optique birakenewe; ahantu ho gukwirakwiza ibintu haratatanye, kandi gutanga imibare, kuyibungabunga no kuyicunga biragoye cyane; abakoresha ntibashobora guhitamo mu bwisanzure Abakoresha ntibafasha mu ipiganwa ry’abakoresha benshi, kandi inyungu z’abakoresha ntizishobora kwemezwa neza; ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho bya network n’aho binjirira ni bike. Iyo imiterere nyayo ya network ya passive optique (PON) mu gace k’amazu ikoreshejwe, umutungo wa optique uhari ushobora guhaza ibyifuzo. Icyumba cya mudasobwa cy’abaturage gifite insinga imwe, byoroshye cyane guha, kubungabunga no gucunga imibare. Abakoresha bashobora guhitamo umukoresha nta nkomyi, ibyo bikaba binoza cyane imikoreshereze y’ibikoresho, ariko icyarimwe bareka ibyiza bibiri by’ingenzi bya PON nk’umuyoboro udakora kandi bakabika umutungo wa fiber optique. Muri iki gihe, igomba kandi kwihanganira ingaruka mbi z’igiciro kinini cy’ibikoresho bya PON n’imiterere y’umuyoboro ugoye.
2) Guhitamo ikoranabuhanga ryo kugera kuri FTTH ku baturage batuye mu gihugu cyanjye - ikoranabuhanga ryo kugera kuri Point-to-point (P2P) kuri Active Optical Network (AON) mu mazu y'abaturage.
Birumvikana ko ibyiza bya PON bishira mu miryango ituwe n’abantu benshi. Kubera ko ikoranabuhanga rya PON rikiri ritarakura cyane kandi igiciro cy’ibikoresho kiracyari hejuru, twizera ko ari siyansi kandi bishoboka guhitamo ikoranabuhanga rya AON kugira ngo ukoreshe FTTH, kuko:
- Ibyumba bya mudasobwa muri rusange biba biri mu baturage;
-Ikoranabuhanga rya P2P rya AON rirakuze kandi rirahendutse. Rishobora gutanga bandwidth ya 100M cyangwa 1G byoroshye kandi rigahuza neza n'imiyoboro ya mudasobwa isanzweho;
-Nta mpamvu yo kongera uburyo insinga z'amashanyarazi zishyirwa mu cyumba cy'imashini rwagati zijya mu gace k'icumbi;
－－Imiterere yoroheje y'umuyoboro, ikiguzi gito cyo kubaka no gukoresha no kubungabunga;
-Insinga zishyirwa mu cyumba cya mudasobwa cy'abaturage, byoroshye gutanga nimero, kuzibungabunga no kuzicunga;
-Kwemerera abakoresha guhitamo abakoresha mu bwisanzure, ibyo bikaba byorohereza abakoresha benshi guhangana, kandi inyungu z'abakoresha zishobora kurindwa neza binyuze mu ipiganwa;
——Igipimo cy’ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho ku cyambu kiri hejuru cyane, kandi ubushobozi bushobora kongerwa buhoro buhoro bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’umubare w’abakoresha uburyo bwo kwinjira.
Imiterere isanzwe ya FTTH ishingiye kuri AON. Insinga ya fiber optique isanzwe ikoreshwa kuva mu cyumba cya mudasobwa cy’ikigo cy’itumanaho kugeza mu cyumba cya mudasobwa cy’abaturage. Sisitemu yo guhinduranya ishyirwa mu cyumba cya mudasobwa cy’abaturage, kandi uburyo bwo guhuza point-to-point (P2P) bukoreshwa kuva mu cyumba cya mudasobwa cy’abaturage kugeza ku gice cy’umukoresha. Ibikoresho byinjira n’ibice bya patch bishyirwa mu cyumba cya mudasobwa cy’abaturage, kandi umuyoboro wose ukoresha protocole ya Ethernet hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho kandi rihendutse. Umuyoboro wa FTTH wa AON ubu ni ikoranabuhanga ryo kugera kuri FTTH rikunze gukoreshwa mu Buyapani no muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Mu bakoresha FTTH miliyoni 5 ku isi, abarenga 95% bakoresha ikoranabuhanga rya P2P rikora. Ibyiza byaryo bidasanzwe ni ibi bikurikira:
－－Umuyoboro munini w'itumanaho: byoroshye kubona uburyo bwo gukoresha interineti ya 100M mu buryo buhamye;
-Ishobora gushyigikira uburyo bwo gukoresha interineti, gukoresha CATV no gukoresha telefoni, no gushyira hamwe imiyoboro itatu mu buryo bwo gukoresha interineti;
－－Gushyigikira ubucuruzi bushya buteganyijwe mu gihe kizaza: videwo, VOD, sinema yo kuri interineti, ibiro biri kure, imurikagurisha kuri interineti, kwigisha kuri televiziyo, ubuvuzi buri kure, kubika amakuru no kuyabika, nibindi;
－－Imiterere yoroheje y'umuyoboro, ikoranabuhanga rigezweho n'igiciro gito cyo kwinjiramo;
- Icyumba cya mudasobwa mu baturage ni cyo cyonyine gikoreshwa. Shyira insinga z'icyuma mu cyumba cya mudasobwa hamwe kugira ngo ugabanye ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga no kunoza ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho;
-Kwemerera abakoresha guhitamo abakoresha mu bwisanzure, ibyo bikaba byorohereza ipiganwa hagati y’abakoresha itumanaho;
-Kubika neza insinga za fiber optique zivuye mu cyumba cya mudasobwa rwagati zijya mu baturage, kandi nta mpamvu yo kongera gushyira insinga za fiber optique mu cyumba cya mudasobwa rwagati zijya mu baturage.
Twizera ko ari siyansi kandi bishoboka guhitamo ikoranabuhanga rya AON kugira ngo umuntu agere kuri FTTH, bitewe n'uko hataramenyekana neza iterambere ry'amahame n'ikoranabuhanga rya PON:
-Iri hame rimaze kugaragara, rifite verisiyo nyinshi (EPON & GPON), kandi ipiganwa ry'amabwiriza ntirizwi neza ku bijyanye no kwamamaza mu gihe kizaza.
- Ibikoresho bifitanye isano bisaba imyaka 3-5 yo kwiyandikisha no kuba bigeze ku rugero rumwe. Bizagorana guhangana n'ibikoresho bya Ethernet P2P bigezweho mu bijyanye n'igiciro n'ugukundwa mu myaka 3-5 iri imbere.
Ibikoresho bya PON optoelectronic birahenze: imashini zikoresha ingufu nyinshi, zihuta cyane kandi zigakira; ibikoresho bya optoelectronic bigezweho ntibishobora kuzuza ibisabwa mu gukora sisitemu za PON zihendutse.
-Kuri ubu, igiciro mpuzandengo cy'ibicuruzwa bya EPON byo mu mahanga kiri hagati y'amadolari y'Amerika 1.000-1.500.
3. Witondere ingaruka z'ikoranabuhanga rya FTTH kandi wirinde gusaba ubufasha budafite aho buhuriye n'uko serivisi zitangwa zitangwa
Abakoresha benshi bakeneye FTTH kugira ngo ishyigikire serivisi zose, kandi icyarimwe ishyigikire gukoresha interineti ya interineti igezweho, televiziyo ya cable (CATV) n'uburyo busanzwe bwo gukoresha telefoni ihoraho, ni ukuvuga gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya FTTH inshuro eshatu, twizeye kugera ku ikoranabuhanga ryo gukoresha FTTH mu ntambwe imwe. Twizera ko ari byiza kuba dushobora gukoresha interineti ya interineti igezweho, televiziyo nke (CATV) n'uburyo busanzwe bwo gukoresha telefoni ihoraho, ariko mu by'ukuri hari ingaruka zikomeye za tekiniki.
Kuri ubu, mu bakoresha miliyoni 5 za FTTH ku isi, abarenga 97% by'imiyoboro ya FTTH itanga serivisi zo gukoresha interineti gusa, kuko ikiguzi cya FTTH cyo gutanga telefoni isanzwe iri hejuru cyane ugereranyije n'ikiguzi cy'ikoranabuhanga rya telefoni isanzwe, kandi ikoreshwa rya fibre optique mu kohereza telefoni isanzwe iriho. Telefoni ifite ikibazo cy'amashanyarazi ya telefoni. Nubwo AON, EPON na GPON zose zishyigikira uburyo bwo gukoresha imikino itatu. Ariko, amahame ya EPON na GPON amaze gushyirwa ahagaragara, kandi bizafata igihe kugira ngo ikoranabuhanga rikure. Irushanwa hagati ya EPON na GPON no guteza imbere aya mahame yombi mu gihe kizaza nabyo ntibizwi neza, kandi imiterere yayo ya point-to-multipoint passive network ntabwo ikwiriye ubucucike bwinshi bw'Abashinwa. Porogaramu zo guturamo. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho bifitanye isano na EPON na GPON bisaba nibura imyaka 5 yo gushyiraho no gukura. Mu myaka 5 iri imbere, bizagorana guhangana n'ibikoresho bya Ethernet P2P biriho mu bijyanye n'ikiguzi n'ugukundwa. Kuri ubu, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bya opto ntibishobora kuzuza ibisabwa bike mu musaruro. Ibisabwa na sisitemu ya PON ihendutse. Bigaragara ko gukurikirana mu buryo buhumyi serivisi zose za FTTH hakoreshejwe EPON cyangwa GPON muri iki cyiciro nta kabuza bizazana ingaruka zikomeye za tekiniki.
Ku murongo w’itumanaho, ni ikintu kidasubirwaho ko fibre optique isimbuza insinga zitandukanye z’umuringa. Ariko, fibre optique izasimbuza insinga z’umuringa burundu mu ijoro rimwe. Ntibishoboka kandi ntibishoboka ko serivisi zose zigerwaho binyuze mu nsinga optique. Iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga n’ikoreshwa ryazo bigenda buhoro buhoro, kandi FTTH si uko biri. Kubwibyo, mu itegurwa rya mbere no guteza imbere FTTH, kuba fibre optique n’insinga z’umuringa bihura ni ngombwa. Kuba fibre optique n’insinga z’umuringa bishobora gutuma abakoresha n’abakora itumanaho bashobora kwirinda ingaruka za tekiniki za FTTH. Mbere na mbere, ikoranabuhanga ryo kugera kuri AON rishobora gukoreshwa mu ntangiriro kugira ngo hagerwe ku muyoboro wa interineti wa FTTH ku giciro gito, mu gihe CATV na telefoni zisanzwe zikoresha uburyo bwa coaxial na twisted pair. Ku mazu manini, kubona CATV nabyo bishobora kugerwaho icyarimwe binyuze muri fibre optique ku giciro gito. Icya kabiri, hari imbogamizi mu nganda mu gutanga serivisi z’itumanaho mu Bushinwa. Abakora itumanaho ntibemerewe gukoresha serivisi za CATV. Ahubwo, abakora CATV ntibemerewe gukoresha serivisi z’itumanaho zisanzwe (nka telefoni), kandi iki kibazo kizamara igihe kirekire mu gihe kizaza. Igihe ntigishobora guhindurwa, bityo umukozi umwe ntashobora gutanga serivisi zo gukina inshuro eshatu ku muyoboro wa FTTH; nanone, kubera ko igihe cy'insinga za optique gishobora kugera ku myaka 40, mu gihe insinga z'umuringa muri rusange ari imyaka 10, iyo insinga z'umuringa zigomba kubaho Iyo ireme ry'itumanaho rigabanutse, nta mpamvu yo gushyira insinga. Ukeneye gusa kuvugurura ibikoresho bya optique kugira ngo utange serivisi zitangwa n'insinga z'umuringa z'umwimerere. Mu by'ukuri, igihe cyose ikoranabuhanga rimaze gukura kandi ikiguzi cyemewe, ushobora kuvugurura igihe icyo ari cyo cyose. Ibikoresho bya optique, ku gihe, wishimire uburyo bworoshye n'umuyoboro munini w'itumanaho bizanwa n'ikoranabuhanga rishya rya FTTH.
Muri make, amahitamo ariho ubu ya fibre optique n'umuringa, hakoreshejwe FiberP2P FTTH ya AON kugira ngo igere kuri interineti, CATV na telefoni zisanzwe zihoraho ziracyakoresha uburyo bwo kugera kuri coaxial na twisted pair, bishobora kwirinda ingaruka z'ikoranabuhanga rya FTTH. Ariko kandi, ishimire uburyo bworoshye bwo kugera kuri FTTH vuba bishoboka. Iyo ikoranabuhanga rimaze gukura kandi ikiguzi kikaba cyemewe, kandi inzitizi z'inganda zikavaho, ibikoresho bya fibre optique bishobora kuvugururwa igihe icyo ari cyo cyose kugira ngo serivisi ya FTTH igere ku bantu bose.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 10 Mata 2021