Malinga ndi deta yofunikira, chiwerengero cha ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ya FTTH/FTTP/FTTB padziko lonse lapansi chidzafika pa 59% mu 2025. Deta yoperekedwa ndi kampani yofufuza za msika ya Point Topic ikuwonetsa kuti chitukukochi chidzakhala chokwera ndi 11% kuposa momwe chilili pano.
Point Topic ikuneneratu kuti padzakhala ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti yokhazikika okwana 1.2 biliyoni padziko lonse lapansi pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2025. M'zaka ziwiri zoyambirira, chiwerengero cha ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti padziko lonse lapansi chinapitirira chiwerengero cha 1 biliyoni.
Pafupifupi 89% ya ogwiritsa ntchito awa ali m'misika 30 yapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi. M'misika iyi, FTTH ndi ukadaulo wofanana nawo makamaka adzatenga gawo la msika kuchokera ku xDSL, ndipo gawo la msika wa xDSL lidzatsika kuchokera pa 19% mpaka 9% panthawi yolosera. Ngakhale kuti chiwerengero chonse cha ogwiritsa ntchito ulusi wopita ku nyumbayo (FTTC) ndi VDSL ndi DOCSIS-based hybrid fiber/coaxial cable (HFC) chiyenera kukwera panthawi yolosera, gawo la msika lidzakhalabe lokhazikika. Pakati pawo, FTTC idzakhala pafupifupi 12% ya chiwerengero chonse cha maulumikizidwe, ndipo HFC idzakhala 19%.
Kutuluka kwa 5G kuyenera kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti yokhazikika panthawi yomwe ikuyembekezeredwa. 5G isanagwiritsidwe ntchito, sizingatheke kuneneratu kuchuluka kwa momwe msika udzakhudzire.
Nkhaniyi ifananiza ukadaulo wopezera zinthu wa Passive Optical Network (PON) ndi ukadaulo wopezera zinthu wa Active Optical Network (AON) kutengera makhalidwe a madera okhala anthu m'dziko langa, ndikuwunika ubwino ndi kuipa kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake m'madera okhala anthu ku China. , Mwa kufotokoza mavuto angapo ofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wopezera zinthu wa FTTH m'madera okhala anthu m'dziko langa, kukambirana mwachidule za njira zoyenera za dziko langa zopangira ukadaulo wopezera zinthu wa FTTH.
1. Makhalidwe a msika wa FTTH wa dziko langa
Pakadali pano, msika waukulu wa FTTH ku China mosakayikira ndi anthu okhala m'midzi yayikulu, yapakatikati komanso yaying'ono. Madera okhala m'mizinda nthawi zambiri amakhala m'midzi yokhala ngati minda. Zinthu zawo zabwino kwambiri ndi izi: kuchuluka kwa mabanja. Madera okhala m'minda imodzi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi anthu 500-3000, ndipo ena ndi mabanja masauzande ambiri; madera okhala (kuphatikizapo nyumba zamalonda) nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zipinda zolumikizirana kuti akhazikitse zida zolumikizirana komanso kupereka mizere m'dera lonselo. Kapangidwe kameneka kamafunika kuti ogwira ntchito zolumikizirana azipikisana wina ndi mnzake ndikuphatikiza mautumiki angapo olumikizirana. Mtunda kuchokera ku chipinda cha kompyuta kupita kwa wogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi wochepera 1km; ogwira ntchito zazikulu zolumikizirana ndi ogwira ntchito pa TV ya chingwe nthawi zambiri amaika zingwe zazing'ono (nthawi zambiri ma cores 4 mpaka 12) kupita ku zipinda zamakompyuta za nyumba zogona kapena nyumba zamalonda; kulumikizana ndi anthu okhala m'mizinda ndi mwayi wopeza ma CATV m'derali. Zida za chingwe ndi za wogwiritsa ntchito aliyense. Chinthu china chomwe chimapangitsa kuti msika wa FTTH ukhale wofunikira kwambiri m'dziko langa ndi chakuti pali zopinga zamakampani pakupereka ntchito za telefoni: ogwira ntchito za telefoni saloledwa kuyendetsa ntchito za CATV, ndipo momwe zinthu zilili sizingasinthidwe kwa nthawi yayitali mtsogolomu.
2. Kusankha ukadaulo wa FTTH Access m'dziko langa
1) Mavuto omwe akukumana nawo ndi passive optical network (PON) mu ntchito za FTTH m'dziko langa
Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa kapangidwe ka netiweki ndi kugawa kwa netiweki yoyenera ya passive optical (Passive Optical Network-PON). Zinthu zake zazikulu ndi izi: cholumikizira cha mzere wa optical (Optical Line Terminal-OLT) chimayikidwa mu chipinda chapakati cha kompyuta cha operator wa telecom, ndipo zopatulira za passive optical zimayikidwa (Splitter). ) Pafupi momwe zingathere ndi gawo la netiweki ya operator wa telecom (Optical Network Unit——ONU) kumbali ya wogwiritsa ntchito. Mtunda pakati pa OLT ndi ONU ndi wofanana ndi mtunda pakati pa chipinda chapakati cha kompyuta cha operator wa telecom ndi wogwiritsa ntchito, womwe ndi wofanana ndi mtunda wokhazikika wofikira patelefoni, womwe nthawi zambiri ndi makilomita angapo, ndipo Splitter nthawi zambiri imakhala mamita makumi mpaka mazana a mamita kutali ndi ONU. Kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka PON kameneka kakuwonetsa ubwino wa PON: netiweki yonse kuchokera ku chipinda chapakati cha kompyuta kupita kwa wogwiritsa ntchito ndi netiweki yopanda ntchito; kuchuluka kwa zinthu za fiber optic cable kuchokera ku chipinda chapakati cha kompyuta kupita kwa wogwiritsa ntchito kumasungidwa; chifukwa ndi chimodzi mpaka zambiri, chiwerengero cha zida mu chipinda chapakati cha kompyuta chimachepetsedwa ndi Kukula, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mawaya mu chipinda chapakati cha kompyuta.
Kapangidwe kabwino ka netiweki ya optical (PON) m'dera lokhalamo anthu: OLT imayikidwa m'chipinda chapakati cha kompyuta cha woyendetsa telefoni. Malinga ndi mfundo yakuti Splitter ili pafupi kwambiri ndi wogwiritsa ntchito momwe zingathere, Splitter imayikidwa m'bokosi logawa pansi. Mwachionekere, kapangidwe kabwino kameneka kangawonetse ubwino wa PON, koma mosakayikira kamabweretsa mavuto awa: Choyamba, chingwe cha fiber optic chokhala ndi nambala yayikulu chikufunika kuchokera ku chipinda chapakati cha kompyuta kupita ku malo okhalamo anthu, monga malo okhalamo anthu 3000, chowerengedwa pa chiŵerengero cha nthambi cha 1:16, Chingwe cha fiber optical chokwana ma core 200 chikufunika, koma pakadali pano ma cores 4-12 okha, n'kovuta kwambiri kuwonjezera kuyika kwa chingwe chowala; chachiwiri, ogwiritsa ntchito sangasankhe woyendetsa momasuka, angasankhe ntchito yoperekedwa ndi woyendetsa telefoni m'modzi yekha, ndipo n'kosapeweka kuti woyendetsa mmodzi azilamulira. Mkhalidwe wa bizinesi siwothandiza mpikisano wa ogwira ntchito angapo, ndipo zofuna za ogwiritsa ntchito sizingatetezedwe bwino. Chachitatu, ma transfer optical osagwiritsidwa ntchito omwe amaikidwa m'bokosi logawa pansi adzapangitsa kuti ma node ogawa azikhala omwazikana kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kugawa, kukonza ndi kuyang'anira zikhale zovuta kwambiri. N'zosatheka kwambiri; chachinayi, n'zosatheka kukonza bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida za netiweki ndi ma access ports ake, chifukwa mkati mwa PON imodzi, kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kumakhala kovuta kufika 100%.
Kapangidwe ka netiweki ya passive optical network (PON) m'dera lokhalamo anthu: OLT ndi Splitter zonse zimayikidwa m'chipinda cha makompyuta m'dera lokhalamo anthu. Ubwino wa kapangidwe kameneka ndi wakuti: zingwe zotsika kwambiri za fiber optic ndizofunikira kuchokera ku chipinda chapakati cha kompyuta kupita ku dera lokhalamo anthu, ndipo zida zomwe zilipo kale zimatha kukwaniritsa zosowa; mizere yolowera m'dera lonselo imakhala ndi waya m'chipinda cha makompyuta m'dera lokhalamo anthu, zomwe zimathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito kusankha momasuka ogwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana za telecom. Kwa ogwira ntchito za telecom, netiweki ndi yosavuta kugawa, kusamalira ndi kuyang'anira; chifukwa zida zolowera ndi mapanelo a patch ali m'chipinda chimodzi cha selo, mosakayikira zidzasintha kwambiri kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka doko ka zidazo, ndipo zida zolowera zitha kukulitsidwa pang'onopang'ono malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, kapangidwe kameneka kalinso ndi zofooka zake zoonekeratu: Choyamba, kapangidwe ka netiweki kotaya PON ndiye ubwino waukulu wa ma netiweki osagwira ntchito, ndipo chipinda chapakati cha kompyuta ku netiweki yogwiritsa ntchito chikadali netiweki yogwira ntchito; chachiwiri, sichisunga chuma cha fiber optic cable chifukwa cha PON; , zida za PON zili ndi kapangidwe ka netiweki kokwera mtengo komanso kovuta.
Mwachidule, PON ili ndi mbali ziwiri zotsutsana pakugwiritsa ntchito FTTH m'nyumba zogona: Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka netiweki ndi kapangidwe ka PON, ingathandize kwambiri ubwino wake woyambirira: netiweki yonse kuyambira chipinda chapakati cha kompyuta kupita kwa wogwiritsa ntchito ndi netiweki yopanda ntchito, yomwe imasunga chipinda chachikulu chapakati cha kompyuta. Ku zinthu za chingwe cha fiber optic cha wogwiritsa ntchito, kuchuluka ndi kukula kwa zida m'chipinda chapakati cha kompyuta ndizosavuta; komabe, zimabweretsanso zofooka zosavomerezeka: kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kuyika mizere ya chingwe cha fiber optic kumafunika; malo ogawa amafalikira, ndipo kugawa manambala, kukonza ndi kuyang'anira n'kovuta kwambiri; ogwiritsa ntchito sangasankhe mwaufulu Ogwira ntchito sali othandiza pa mpikisano wa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri, ndipo zofuna za ogwiritsa ntchito sizingatsimikizidwe bwino; kugwiritsa ntchito zida za netiweki ndi madoko ake olowera ndi ochepa. Ngati kapangidwe koyenera ka netiweki yopanda ntchito (PON) m'nyumba zogona kagwiritsidwa ntchito, zida za chingwe cha optic zomwe zilipo zitha kukwaniritsa zosowa. Chipinda cha makompyuta cha anthu ammudzi chimakhala ndi waya wofanana, zomwe ndizosavuta kugawa, kusamalira ndi kuyang'anira manambala. Ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kusankha woyendetsa momasuka, zomwe zimathandizira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito madoko a Zipangizo, koma nthawi yomweyo adataya zabwino ziwiri zazikulu za PON ngati netiweki yopanda ntchito komanso kusunga zinthu za chingwe cha fiber optic. Pakadali pano, iyeneranso kupirira zovuta za mtengo wokwera wa zida za PON komanso kapangidwe ka netiweki kovuta.
2) Kusankha ukadaulo wopezera FTTH kwa anthu okhala m'dziko langa - ukadaulo wopezera point-to-point (P2P) wa Active Optical Network (AON) m'nyumba zogona
Mwachionekere, ubwino wa PON umatha m'madera okhala anthu ambiri. Popeza ukadaulo wa PON womwe ulipo pano sunafike pachimake ndipo mtengo wa zida ukadali wokwera, tikukhulupirira kuti ndi sayansi komanso kotheka kusankha ukadaulo wa AON kuti mupeze FTTH, chifukwa:
- Zipinda zamakompyuta nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa m'dera;
Ukadaulo wa P2P wa AON ndi wakale komanso wotsika mtengo. Ukhoza kupereka mosavuta bandwidth ya 100M kapena 1G ndikulumikiza bwino maukonde apakompyuta omwe alipo kale;
-Palibe chifukwa chowonjezera kuyika kwa zingwe zamagetsi kuchokera ku chipinda chapakati cha makina kupita ku malo okhala;
－－Kapangidwe ka netiweki kosavuta, ndalama zochepa zomangira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukonza;
-Kulumikiza mawaya pakati pa chipinda cha makompyuta cha anthu ammudzi, kugawa manambala mosavuta, kusamalira ndikuwongolera;
-Lolani ogwiritsa ntchito kusankha ogwiritsira ntchito momasuka, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ogwiritsira ntchito ambiri apambane, ndipo zofuna za ogwiritsa ntchito zitha kutetezedwa bwino kudzera mu mpikisano;
——Chiŵerengero cha kugwiritsa ntchito doko la zida ndi chachikulu kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu zake zitha kukulitsidwa pang'onopang'ono malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.
Kapangidwe ka netiweki ya FTTH yochokera ku AON. Chingwe cholumikizira cha fiber optic chomwe chilipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira chipinda chapakati cha kompyuta cha opareshoni ya telecom kupita ku chipinda cha makompyuta ammudzi. Dongosolo losinthira limayikidwa mu chipinda cha makompyuta ammudzi, ndipo njira yolumikizirana ya point-to-point (P2P) imatengedwa kuchokera ku chipinda cha makompyuta ammudzi kupita ku malo ogwiritsira ntchito. Zipangizo zolowera ndi mapanelo olumikizirana zimayikidwa mofanana mu chipinda cha makompyuta ammudzi, ndipo netiweki yonse imagwiritsa ntchito protocol ya Ethernet yokhala ndi ukadaulo wokhwima komanso wotsika mtengo. Netiweki ya point-to-point FTTH ya AON pakadali pano ndi ukadaulo wofikira wa FTTH womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Japan ndi United States. Pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito FTTH miliyoni 5 padziko lonse lapansi, oposa 95% amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa P2P wosinthira. Ubwino wake waukulu ndi:
－－Kuthamanga kwakukulu: kosavuta kupeza njira yokhazikika ya 100M yolumikizirana ndi intaneti;
-Itha kuthandizira mwayi wopeza intaneti, mwayi wopeza CATV ndi mwayi wopeza foni, ndikukwaniritsa kuphatikiza kwa ma network atatu mu netiweki yopezera;
－－Thandizani bizinesi yatsopano yomwe ikuyembekezeka mtsogolo: foni yam'manja, VOD, kanema wa digito, ofesi yakutali, chiwonetsero cha pa intaneti, maphunziro a pa TV, chithandizo chamankhwala chakutali, kusungira deta ndi kusunga zosunga zobwezeretsera, ndi zina zotero;
－－Kapangidwe ka netiweki kosavuta, ukadaulo wokhwima komanso mtengo wotsika wolowera;
- Chipinda cha makompyuta chokha chomwe chili mdera ndi chomwe chili ndi malo ogwirira ntchito. Konzani mawaya a chipinda cha makompyuta kuti muchepetse ndalama zokonzera ndikuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito madoko a zida;
-Lolani ogwiritsa ntchito kusankha ogwiritsira ntchito momasuka, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale mpikisano pakati pa ogwira ntchito pa telefoni;
-Sungani bwino zinthu za fiber optic cable kuchokera ku chipinda chapakati cha kompyuta kupita ku anthu ammudzi, ndipo palibe chifukwa chowonjezera kuyika kwa fiber optic cable kuchokera ku chipinda chapakati cha kompyuta kupita ku anthu ammudzi.
Tikukhulupirira kuti ndi sayansi komanso kotheka kusankha ukadaulo wa AON kuti mupeze mwayi wopeza FTTH, chifukwa cha kusatsimikizika kwa chitukuko cha miyezo ndi ukadaulo wa PON:
-Muyezowu wangoyamba kumene, wokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana (EPON & GPON), ndipo mpikisano wa miyezo sudziwika bwino pakukwezedwa kwamtsogolo.
Zipangizo zoyenera zimafuna zaka 3-5 kuti zikhale zokhazikika komanso zokhwima. Zidzakhala zovuta kupikisana ndi zipangizo zamakono za Ethernet P2P pankhani ya mtengo ndi kutchuka m'zaka 3-5 zikubwerazi.
Zipangizo zamagetsi za PON ndi zodula: kutumiza ndi kulandira mphamvu zambiri, kuthamanga kwambiri; zipangizo zamagetsi zamakono za optoelectronic sizingakwanitse kukwaniritsa zofunikira popanga makina a PON otsika mtengo.
-Pakadali pano, mtengo wogulitsa wapakati wa zida za EPON zakunja ndi madola aku US 1,000-1,500.
3. Samalani zoopsa za ukadaulo wa FTTH ndipo pewani kupempha chithandizo mwachimbulimbuli kuti mupeze chithandizo chokwanira
Ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri amafuna FTTH kuti athandizire mautumiki onse, komanso nthawi imodzi kuthandizira kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ya broadband, kugwiritsa ntchito wailesi yakanema (CATV) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito telefoni yokhazikika, kutanthauza kuti, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zitatu zosewerera, tikuyembekeza kupeza ukadaulo wopezera FTTH pang'onopang'ono. Tikukhulupirira kuti ndibwino kuti tithe kuthandizira kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ya broadband, kugwiritsa ntchito wailesi yakanema yochepa (CATV) komanso kugwiritsa ntchito telefoni yokhazikika, koma kwenikweni pali zoopsa zazikulu zaukadaulo.
Pakadali pano, pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito 5 miliyoni a FTTH padziko lonse lapansi, oposa 97% a ma netiweki olowera a FTTH amapereka chithandizo cha intaneti, chifukwa mtengo wa FTTH wopereka foni yokhazikika ndi wokwera kwambiri kuposa mtengo wa ukadaulo wa mafoni okhazikika womwe ulipo, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ulusi wowala potumiza foni yokhazikika. Foni ilinso ndi vuto la magetsi a pafoni. Ngakhale kuti AON, EPON ndi GPON onse amathandizira mwayi wopeza masewera atatu. Komabe, miyezo ya EPON ndi GPON yangolengezedwa kumene, ndipo zitenga nthawi kuti ukadaulowo ukhale wolimba. Mpikisano pakati pa EPON ndi GPON ndi kukwezedwa kwamtsogolo kwa miyezo iwiriyi sikudziwikanso, ndipo kapangidwe kake ka netiweki yopanda ma point-to-multipoint sikoyenera kwa anthu ambiri aku China. Ntchito zogwirira ntchito m'malo okhala. Kuphatikiza apo, zida zokhudzana ndi EPON ndi GPON zimafuna zaka zosachepera 5 za standardization ndi kukhwima. M'zaka 5 zikubwerazi, zidzakhala zovuta kupikisana ndi zida za Ethernet P2P zomwe zilipo pankhani ya mtengo ndi kutchuka. Pakadali pano, zida zamagetsi za opto sizingakwanitse kukwaniritsa zofunikira zochepa zopangira. Zofunikira pamakina a mtengo wa PON. Zikuoneka kuti kufunafuna mwayi wopeza chithandizo chathunthu cha FTTH pogwiritsa ntchito EPON kapena GPON panthawiyi kudzabweretsa zoopsa zazikulu zaukadaulo.
Pa netiweki yolumikizira, ndi chizolowezi chosapeweka kuti ulusi wowala ulowe m'malo mwa zingwe zosiyanasiyana zamkuwa. Komabe, ulusi wowala udzalowa m'malo mwa zingwe zamkuwa usiku wonse. N'zosatheka komanso sizingatheke kuti ntchito zonse zipezeke kudzera mu ulusi wowala. Kupita patsogolo kulikonse kwaukadaulo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kumachitika pang'onopang'ono, ndipo FTTH si yosiyana. Chifukwa chake, pakupanga ndi kukweza koyamba kwa FTTH, kukhalapo kwa ulusi wowala ndi chingwe chamkuwa sikungapeweke. Kukhalapo kwa ulusi wowala ndi chingwe chamkuwa kungathandize ogwiritsa ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito zamatelefoni kupewa zoopsa zaukadaulo za FTTH. Choyamba, ukadaulo wofikira wa AON ungagwiritsidwe ntchito pachiyambi kuti ukwaniritse mwayi wa FTTH pamtengo wotsika, pomwe CATV ndi mafoni okhazikika achikhalidwe amagwiritsabe ntchito mwayi wa coaxial ndi twisted pair. Kwa nyumba zogona, mwayi wa CATV ukhozanso kupezeka nthawi imodzi kudzera mu ulusi wowala pamtengo wotsika. Chachiwiri, pali zopinga zamakampani pakupereka ntchito zamatelefoni ku China. Ogwira ntchito zamatelefoni saloledwa kuyendetsa ntchito za CATV. M'malo mwake, ogwira ntchito za CATV saloledwa kuyendetsa ntchito zamatelefoni achikhalidwe (monga telefoni), ndipo izi zikhala nthawi yayitali mtsogolo. Nthawi siingasinthidwe, kotero wogwiritsa ntchito m'modzi sangathe kupereka mautumiki atatu osewerera pa netiweki yolowera ya FTTH; kachiwiri, popeza nthawi ya moyo wa zingwe zowunikira imatha kufika zaka 40, pomwe zingwe zamkuwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zaka 10, pamene zingwe zamkuwa zimakhala ndi moyo. Ubwino wolumikizirana ukachepa, palibe chifukwa choyika zingwe zilizonse. Mukungofunika kukweza zida za fiber optic kuti mupereke mautumiki operekedwa ndi zingwe zoyamba zamkuwa. Ndipotu, bola ngati ukadaulowo ndi wokhwima ndipo mtengo wake ndi wovomerezeka, mutha kukweza nthawi iliyonse. Zipangizo za fiber optic, sangalalani ndi kusavuta komanso bandwidth yayikulu yobweretsedwa ndi ukadaulo watsopano wa FTTH.
Mwachidule, kusankha komwe kulipo pakali pano kwa fiber optical ndi copper cable, pogwiritsa ntchito AON's FiberP2P FTTH kuti akwaniritse intaneti yolumikizirana, CATV ndi mafoni achikhalidwe okhazikika amagwiritsabe ntchito coaxial ndi twisted pair access, zomwe zingapewe chiopsezo cha ukadaulo wa FTTH. Nthawi yomweyo, sangalalani ndi zosavuta komanso bandwidth yayikulu yomwe imabwera ndi ukadaulo watsopano wa FTTH access posachedwa. Ukafika ukadaulo ndipo mtengo wake ndi wovomerezeka, ndipo zopinga zamakampani zitachotsedwa, zida za fiber optic zitha kusinthidwa nthawi iliyonse kuti zikwaniritse FTTH yonse.
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-10-2021