Farqiga u dhexeeya OLT, ONU, router iyo badhanka

Marka hore, OLT waa terminaal xariiq indhaha ah, ONU-na waa cutub shabakad indhaha ah (ONU). Labadooduba waa qalab isku xira shabakadda gudbinta indhaha. Waa labada qaybood ee lagama maarmaanka u ah PON: PON (Shabakadda Aragtiyeed ee Dadban: Shabakadda Aragtiyeed ee Dadban). PON (shabakad indhaha ah oo dadban) macnaheedu waa in (shabakadda qaybinta indhaha) aysan ku jirin wax qalab elektaroonik ah iyo agab koronto oo elektaroonik ah. ODN dhammaantood waxay ka kooban yihiin aalado dadban sida kala-qaybiyayaasha indhaha (Splitter) mana u baahna qalab elektaroonik ah oo qaali ah oo firfircoon. Shabakad indhaha ah oo dadban waxay ka kooban tahay terminaal xariiq indhaha ah (OLT) oo lagu rakibay saldhigga dhexe ee kontoroolka, iyo dufcad ka kooban unugyo shabakad indhaha ah oo isku mid ah oo heerka koowaad ah (ONUs) oo lagu rakibay goobta isticmaalaha. Shabakadda qaybinta indhaha (ODN) ee u dhaxaysa OLT iyo ONU waxay ka kooban tahay fiilooyin indhaha ah iyo kala-qaybiyayaal indhaha ah oo dadban ama isku xidhayaal.

Router (Router) waa qalab ku xira shabakadaha kala duwan ee deegaanka iyo shabakadaha ballaaran ee internetka. Si toos ah ayuu u doortaa oo u dejiyaa waddooyinka iyadoo loo eegayo xaaladaha kanaalka, wuxuuna u diraa calaamadaha wadada ugu fiican iyo nidaamka. Router-ku waa xarunta internetka, "booliska taraafikada." Waqtigan xaadirka ah, router-yadu si weyn ayaa looga isticmaalaa dhammaan qaybaha nolosha, alaabooyin kala duwan oo darajooyin kala duwan leh ayaa noqday xoogga ugu weyn ee lagu xaqiijinayo isku xirka gudaha ee shabakadaha laf-dhabarta, isku xirka shabakadaha laf-dhabarta, iyo adeegyada isku xirka shabakadda laf-dhabarta iyo internetka. Farqiga ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya marin-haweedka iyo furayaasha ayaa ah in furayaashu ay ka dhacaan lakabka labaad ee qaabka tixraaca OSI (lakabka isku xirka xogta), halka marin-haweedku uu ka dhaco lakabka saddexaad, lakabka shabakadda. Farqigani wuxuu go'aaminayaa in marin-haweedka iyo furayaashu ay u baahan yihiin inay isticmaalaan macluumaad xakameyn oo kala duwan habka loo dhaqaajiyo macluumaadka, sidaa darteed labada siyaabood ee lagu gaari karo shaqooyinkooda way kala duwan yihiin.

Router (Router), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan qalabka albaabka (Ateway), waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu xiro shabakado badan oo si macquul ah u kala go'an. Shabakadda macquulka ah ee loogu yeero waxay matashaa hal shabakad ama shabakad hoose. Marka xogta laga gudbiyo hal shabakad hoose una gudbiyo mid kale, waxaa lagu samayn karaa shaqada marin-u-socodka ee router-ka. Sidaa darteed, router-ku wuxuu leeyahay shaqada ah inuu xukumo cinwaanka shabakadda iyo inuu doorto waddada IP-ga. Waxay samayn kartaa xiriiro dabacsan oo ku jira jawi isku xiran oo shabakado badan leh. Waxay ku xidhi kartaa shabakado kala duwan oo leh xirmooyin xog oo gebi ahaanba kala duwan iyo habab marin u helid warbaahineed. Router-ku wuxuu aqbalaa oo keliya saldhigga isha ama Macluumaadka router-yada kale waa nooc ka mid ah qalabka isku xiran ee lakabka shabakadda.