He roa te hītori o te whakamahinga o te mārama hei tuku kōrero.
Nā te "Beacon Tower" o ēnei rā, kua taea e te tangata te wheako i te ngāwari o te tuku kōrero mā te mārama. Heoi, he āhua tawhito tēnei tikanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whatu taketake, he iti nei te tawhiti e kitea ana e te kanohi tahanga, ā, kāore i te tino pono. I te whanaketanga o ngā hiahia mō te tuku kōrero pāpori, kua whakatairangahia ake te whānautanga o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whatu hou.
Tīmatahia te hangarau whakawhitiwhiti whatu hou
I te tau 1800, i hangaia e Alexander Graham Bell te "waea whatu".
I te tau 1966, i whakaarohia e Gao Kun, he wahine nō Peretānia-Haina, te ariā o te tuku muka whatu, engari i taua wā ko te ngaronga muka whatu i eke ki te 1000dB/km.
I te tau 1970, i te rangahau me te whanaketanga o te muka kuata me te hangarau taiaho haurua-ira i whakaitihia te ngaronga muka ki te 20dB/km, ā, he teitei te kaha o te taiaho, he kaha te pono.
I te tau 1976, nā te whanaketanga tonu o te hangarau muka whatu i whakaiti te ngaronga mā te 0.47dB/km, ko te tikanga kua ea te ngaronga o te reo tuku, ā, nā tēnei i whakatairanga te whanaketanga kaha o te hangarau tuku whatu.
Arotakehia te hītori whanaketanga o te whatunga tuku
Neke atu i te whā tekau tau te roa o te whatunga tuku kōrero. Hei whakarāpopototanga, kua pāngia e te PDH, te SDH/MSTP,
Te whanaketanga hangarau me te auahatanga whakatupuranga o WDM/OTN me PeOTN.
Ko te whakatupuranga tuatahi o ngā whatunga waea ki te whakarato ratonga reo i whakamahi i te hangarau PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy).
Ko te whakatupuranga tuarua e whakarato ana i ngā ratonga urunga Tukutuku me ngā raina motuhake TDM, mā te whakamahi i te hangarau SD (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)/MSTP (Multi-Service Transport Platform).
I tīmata te whakatipuranga tuatoru ki te tautoko i te hononga o ngā ratonga ataata me ngā pokapū raraunga, mā te whakamahi i te hangarau WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing, Wavelength Division Multiplexing)/OTN (Optical Transmission Network, Optical Transmission Network).
Ko te whakatupuranga tuawhā e whakamana ana i te ataata whakamārama-teitei 4K me te wheako raina tūmataiti kounga teitei, mā te whakamahi i te hangarau PeOTN (Packet enhancedOTN, packet enhanced OTN).
I te wāhanga whanaketanga tōmua o ngā whakatipuranga tuatahi e rua, mō ngā ratonga reo, te urunga Ipurangi Tukutuku me ngā ratonga raina tūmataiti TDM, e tohuhia ana e te hangarau pūnaha matihiko tukutahi SDH/MSTP, e tautoko ana i ngā atanga maha pēnei i te Ethernet, ATM/IMA, me ētahi atu, ā, ka taea te hono i ngā CBR/VBR rerekē. Ka whakauruhia ngā ratonga ki roto i ngā anga SDH, ka wehea ā-tinana ngā paipa mārō, ka arotahi ki ngā ratonga tere-iti me ngā ratonga matūriki-iti.
Whai muri i te urunga ki te wāhanga whanaketanga o te tuatoru o ngā whakatipuranga, me te tere o te tipu o te kaha ratonga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, inā koa ngā ratonga hononga ataata me te pokapū raraunga, kua tere ake te whānui o te whatunga. Mā te hangarau paparanga whatu e tohuhia ana e te hangarau WDM ka taea e te muka kotahi te kawe i ngā ratonga maha atu. Ina koa, kua whānuitia te whakamahinga o te hangarau DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) i roto i ngā whatunga tuku mahi ā-rohe nui, ā, kua tino whakatauhia te raruraru o te tuku. Ko te take o te tawhiti me te kaha whānui. Ki te titiro ki te tauine o te hanganga whatunga, kua noho te 80x100G hei matua i runga i ngā raina matua tawhiti, ā, kua tere te whanaketanga o ngā whatunga ā-rohe 80x200G me ngā whatunga rohe tāone nui.
Mō te kawe i ngā ratonga whakauru pēnei i te ataata me ngā raina motuhake, me nui ake te ngāwari me te mohio o te whatunga kawe matua. Nō reira, ka puta haere te hangarau OTN. Ko te OTN he pūnaha hangarau tuku whatu hou kua tautuhia e te ITU-T G.872, G.798, G.709 me ētahi atu kawa. Kei roto ko te hanganga pūnaha katoa o te paparanga whatu me te paparanga hiko, ā, he whatunga e rite ana mō ia paparanga. Ko te tikanga aroturuki whakahaere me te tikanga oranga whatunga. Mai i ngā au o te hanganga whatunga ā-rohe o nāianei, kua noho te OTN hei paerewa mō ngā whatunga tuku, inā koa i roto i te hanganga o ngā whatunga ā-rohe a ngā kaiwhakahaere me ngā whatunga rohe tāone. Ko te hangarau OTN e hangai ana ki te whakawhiti paparanga hiko te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana, ā, e whakamahia ana te hoahoa wehenga raina peka. , Hei whakatutuki i te wetewete i te taha whatunga me te taha raina, ka tino whakapai ake i te ngāwari o te whatunga me te kaha ki te whakatuwhera me te whakatinana tere i ngā ratonga.
Te whakarerekētanga whatunga kaihoko e aro ana ki te pakihi
Nā te tere haere o te panonitanga matihiko i ngā wāhanga katoa o te ōhanga pāpori kua puta te whanaketanga ōrite o te umanga ICT katoa me te ōhanga matihiko, ā, kua whakatairangahia, kua whakaohokia hoki ngā panonitanga nui i roto i te umanga. I te taenga mai o te tini o ngā hinonga auaha i roto i ngā ahumahi poutū, kei te hangaia anō ngā ahumahi tuku iho me ngā tauira whakahaere me ngā tauira pakihi, tae atu ki: te pūtea, ngā take kāwanatanga, te tiaki hauora, te mātauranga, te ahumahi me ētahi atu mara. I te aroaro o te pikinga ake o te hiahia mō ngā hononga pakihi kounga teitei me te rerekē, kua tīmata haere te whakamahi whānuitia o te hangarau PeOTN.
·Ka whakaratohia e ngā paparanga L0 me L1 ngā paipa "mārō" pakari e tohuhia ana e te roanga ngaru λ me te hongere-iti ODUk. Ko ōna painga matua he whānui te whānui me te iti o te whakaroa.
·Ka taea e te paparanga L2 te whakarato i tētahi paipa "ngāwari" ngāwari. Ka tino ōrite te whānui o te paipa ki te ratonga, ā, ka rerekē i te huringa o te haere o te ratonga. Ko te ngāwari me te tono-ā-ringa ngā painga matua.
Te whakauru i ngā painga o te SDH/MSTP/MPLS-TP mō te kawe i ngā ratonga matūriki iti, te hanga i tētahi otinga whatunga kawe L0+L1+L2, te hanga i tētahi tūāpapa kawe maha-ratonga PeOTN, te waihanga i tētahi kaha kawe whānui me ngā āheinga maha i roto i te whatunga kotahi. I te tau 2009, i whakawhānui ake a ITU-T i ngā āheinga tuku o te OTN hei tautoko i ngā ratonga kanorau, ā, i whakaurua mana a PeOTN ki roto i te paerewa.
I ngā tau tata nei, kua whakapau kaha ngā kaiwhakahaere o te ao ki te mākete raina tūmataiti a te kāwanatanga-hinonga. Kei te kaha te whakawhanake a ngā kaiwhakahaere matua e toru o te whare i te hanganga whatunga tūmataiti a te kāwanatanga-hinonga OTN. He nui hoki te haumi a ngā kamupene ā-rohe. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, neke atu i te 30 ngā kaiwhakahaere kamupene ā-rohe kua whakatuwhera i te OTN. He whatunga tūmataiti kounga teitei, ā, kua tukuna ngā hua raina tūmataiti uara nui i runga i te PeOTN, hei whakatairanga i te whatunga kawe whatu mai i te "whatunga rauemi taketake" ki te "whatunga kaipupuri pakihi."
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi-04-2021