Mbere na mbere, tugomba gusobanura neza ko itumanaho rya 5G ritameze nk'irya Wi-Fi ya 5Ghz tugiye kuvugaho uyu munsi. Itumanaho rya 5G mu by'ukuri ni incamake y'imiyoboro ya telefoni igendanwa yo mu gisekuru cya 5, ahanini yerekeza ku ikoranabuhanga ry'itumanaho rya telefoni igendanwa. Kandi 5G yacu hano yerekeza kuri 5GHz mu buryo busanzwe bwa WiFi, yerekeza ku kimenyetso cya WiFi gikoresha umurongo wa 5GHz mu kohereza amakuru.
Ibikoresho hafi ya byose bya Wi-Fi biri ku isoko ubu bikoresha 2.4 GHz, kandi ibikoresho byiza bishobora gukoresha byombi, ni ukuvuga 2.4 GHz na 5 GHz. Izi routers za interineti zitwa routers zidafite umugozi ebyiri.
Reka tuvuge kuri 2.4GHz na 5GHz muri network ya Wi-Fi hepfo.
Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga rya Wi-Fi rifite amateka y'imyaka 20, kuva ku gisekuru cya mbere cya 802.11b kugeza kuri 802.11g, 802.11a, 802.11n, no kugeza kuri 802.11ax (WiFi6) iriho ubu.
Ibisanzwe bya Wi-Fi
WiFi idafite insinga ni ncamake. Mu by'ukuri ni igice cy'umurongo ngenderwaho wa 802.11 udafite insinga. Kuva yavuka mu 1997, hamaze gukorwa verisiyo zirenga 35 z'ingano zitandukanye. Muri zo, 802.11a/b/g/n/ac hakozwe izindi verisiyo esheshatu zikuze.
IEEE 802.11a
IEEE 802.11a ni igipimo cyavuguruwe cy’igipimo cya 802.11 cya mbere kandi cyemejwe mu 1999. Igipimo cya 802.11a gikoresha protocole imwe n’igipimo cya mbere. Ingano y’imikorere ni 5GHz, hakoreshwa udukoresho duto duto two gukwirakwiza frequency ya orthogonal 52, kandi igipimo ntarengwa cyo kohereza amakuru ni 54Mb/s, ibi bikaba bigeraho uburyo bwo gukoresha umuyoboro nyawo. Ibisabwa (20Mb/s).
Bitewe n’uko umugozi wa 2.4G ugenda wiyongera, gukoresha umugozi wa 5G ni iterambere rikomeye rya 802.11a. Ariko, binazana ibibazo. Intera yo kohereza ubutumwa ntabwo ari nziza nka 802.11b/g; mu by’ukuri, ibimenyetso bya 5G biroroshye kubifunga no kubinjiza mu nkuta, bityo ubwinshi bwa 802.11a ntabwo ari bwiza nka 801.11b. 802.11a nabwo bushobora kwivanga, ariko kubera ko nta bimenyetso byinshi bibangamira hafi aho, 802.11a ikunze kugira ubushobozi bwo kuyikoresha neza.
IEEE 802.11b
IEEE 802.11b ni igipimo ngenderwaho ku miyoboro y’itumanaho idafite insinga. Ingano y’umuyoboro ni 2.4GHz, ishobora gutanga umuvuduko mwinshi wo kohereza ubutumwa wa 1, 2, 5.5 na 11Mbit/s. Rimwe na rimwe yitwa Wi-Fi nabi. Mu by’ukuri, Wi-Fi ni ikirango cy’ubucuruzi cya Wi-Fi Alliance. Iki kirango cyemeza gusa ko ibicuruzwa bikoresha ikirango bishobora gukorana, kandi ntaho bihuriye n’igipimo ngenderwaho ubwacyo. Muri 2.4-GHz ISM frequency band, hari imiyoboro 11 yose hamwe ifite umuyoboro wa 22MHz, ari yo miyoboro 11 ihurirana. IEEE 802.11b ni IEEE 802.11g.
IEEE 802.11g
IEEE 802.11g yashyizweho muri Nyakanga 2003. Ingano y'umuyoboro wayo ni 2.4GHz (kimwe na 802.11b), umubare w'amajwi 14, umuvuduko wa mbere wo kohereza ni 54Mbit/s, naho umuvuduko wa kohereza ni hafi 24.7Mbit/s (kimwe na 802.11a). Ibikoresho bya 802.11g biragabanuka bihuye na 802.11b.
Nyuma, bamwe mu bakora router zidafite insinga bashyizeho amahame mashya ashingiye ku gipimo cya IEEE 802.11g mu rwego rwo gusubiza ibyo isoko rikeneye, bongera umuvuduko w’ihererekanyamakuru ugera kuri 108Mbit/s cyangwa 125Mbit/s.
IEEE 802.11n
IEEE 802.11n ni igipimo cyashyizweho hashingiwe kuri 802.11-2007 n'itsinda rishya ry'abakozi ryashinzwe na IEEE muri Mutarama 2004, ryemezwa ku mugaragaro muri Nzeri 2009. Iri gipimo ryongeraho inkunga ya MIMO, ryemerera umuvuduko ntarengwa wa 40MHz, kandi umuvuduko ntarengwa wo kohereza ni 600Mbit/s. Muri icyo gihe, hakoreshejwe kode ya block ya space-time yatanzwe na Alamouti, igipimo cyongera urwego rwo kohereza amakuru.
IEEE 802.11ac
IEEE 802.11ac ni uburyo bwo gutumanaho bwa mudasobwa zidafite umugozi bwa 802.11, bukoresha umurongo wa 6GHz (uzwi kandi nka umurongo wa 5GHz) mu gutumanaho bwa WLAN. Mu buryo bw'ishingiro, ishobora gutanga nibura umuyoboro wa bandwidth 1 kuri buri segonda ku itumanaho rya WLAN rikoresha sitasiyo nyinshi, cyangwa nibura megabiti 500 kuri isegonda (500 Mbit/s) ku murongo umwe wo kohereza ubutumwa.
Ikoresha kandi yagura igitekerezo cy’uburyo umwuka ukoreshwamo gituruka kuri 802.11n, harimo: uburyo bwagutse bwa RF (kugeza kuri 160 MHz), uburyo bwinshi bwa MIMO (bwongereweho kugeza kuri 8), MU-MIMO, na demodulation ifite ubucucike bwinshi (modulation, kugeza kuri 256QAM). Ni yo ishobora gusimbura IEEE 802.11n.
IEEE 802.11ax
Mu 2017, Broadcom yafashe iya mbere mu gushyira ahagaragara chip ya 802.11ax idafite umugozi. Kubera ko 802.11ad yabanje yari isanzwe muri 60GHz, nubwo umuvuduko wo kohereza wariyongereye, uburyo bwo kuyikwirakwiza bwari buke, kandi yabaye ikoranabuhanga rikora neza ryafashaga 802.11ac. Nk’uko umushinga wa IEEE wemewe ubivuga, Wi-Fi yo mu gisekuru cya gatandatu ihabwa 802.11ac ni 802.11ax, kandi igikoresho gifasha gusangira cyatangiye gukoreshwa kuva mu 2018.
Itandukaniro riri hagati ya 2.4GHz na 5GHz
Igisekuru cya mbere cy’ikoranabuhanga rikoresha insinga IEEE 802.11 cyavutse mu 1997, bityo ibikoresho byinshi by’ikoranabuhanga muri rusange bikoresha insinga za 2.4GHz, nka mikoroonde, ibikoresho bya Bluetooth, nibindi, bizabangamira Wi-FI ya 2.4GHz, bityo ikimenyetso kigira ingaruka ku rugero runaka, kimwe n’umuhanda ufite amagare akururwa n’amafarasi, amagare n’imodoka zigenda icyarimwe, kandi umuvuduko w’imodoka urahinduka mu buryo busanzwe.
WiFi ya 5GHz ikoresha umurongo w’itumanaho uri hejuru kugira ngo igabanye umuvuduko w’itumanaho. Ikoresha imiyoboro 22 kandi ntibangamirana. Ugereranyije n’imiyoboro 3 ya 2.4GHz, igabanya cyane umuvuduko w’amajwi. Bityo rero, igipimo cyo kohereza ubutumwa cya 5GHz ni 5GHz yihuta kurusha 2.4GHz.
Umuyoboro wa Wi-Fi wa 5GHz ukoresha protocole ya 802.11ac yo mu gisekuru cya gatanu ushobora kugera ku muvuduko wa 433Mbps munsi ya bandwidth ya 80MHz, n'umuvuduko wa 866Mbps munsi ya bandwidth ya 160MHz, ugereranije n'umuvuduko wa 2.4GHz wo kohereza amakuru ku gipimo cyo hejuru cya 300Mbps warushijeho kuba mwiza cyane.
5GHz Nta mbogamizi ifite
Ariko, Wi-Fi ya 5GHz nayo ifite inenge. Intege nke zayo ziri mu ntera yo kohereza ubutumwa no ku bushobozi bwo kunyura mu mbogamizi.
Kubera ko Wi-Fi ari umuraba wa elegitoronike, uburyo bwayo bw'ingenzi bwo gukwirakwiza ni ugukwirakwiza umurongo ugororotse. Iyo ihuye n'imbogamizi, izatanga kwinjira, kugarura, kugabanya n'ibindi bintu. Muri byo, kwinjira ni byo by'ingenzi, kandi igice gito cy'ikimenyetso kizaba. Kugarura no kugabanya. Ibiranga imiraba ya radiyo ni uko uko umuraba ugenda ugabanuka, umurambararo w'amazi ukaba muremure, ni ko igihombo gito mu gihe cyo gukwirakwiza ari kinini, kandi ko byoroshye kurenga inzitizi; uko umurambararo uba mwinshi, ni ko kugabanya uburebure bw'amazi ari ko bigorana. Genda hirya no hino ku nzitizi.
Bityo rero, ikimenyetso cya 5G gifite frequency yo hejuru n'uburebure bugufi gifite agace gato ko gutwikira, kandi ubushobozi bwo kunyura mu mbogamizi ntabwo ari bwiza nka 2.4GHz.
Ku bijyanye n'intera yo kohereza ubutumwa, Wi-Fi ya 2.4GHz ishobora kugera kuri metero 70 imbere, naho hanze ikaba metero 250. Kandi Wi-Fi ya 5GHz ishobora kugera kuri metero 35 gusa imbere.
Ishusho iri hepfo igaragaza igereranya ry’uburyo Ekahau Site Survey yakwirakwije hagati y’imirongo ya 2.4 GHz na 5 GHz ku mushushanyi wa virtual. Icyatsi kibisi cyijimye muri izo simulation ebyiri kigaragaza umuvuduko wa 150 Mbps. Umutuku muri simulation ya 2.4 GHz ugaragaza umuvuduko wa 1 Mbps, naho umutuku muri 5 GHz ugaragaza umuvuduko wa 6 Mbps. Nkuko mubibona, uburyo AP za 2.4 GHz zikwirakwizwa ni bunini gato, ariko umuvuduko uri ku nkengero z’uburyo 5 GHz wihuta cyane.
5 GHz na 2.4 GHz ni imirongo itandukanye, buri imwe ifite ibyiza kuri interineti ya Wi-Fi, kandi izi nyungu zishobora guterwa n'uburyo utegura umurongo ngenderwaho - cyane cyane iyo urebye ingano n'imbogamizi (inkuta, nibindi) ikimenyetso gishobora gukenera gupfukirana. Ese ni byinshi cyane?
Niba ukeneye gukwirakwira ahantu hanini cyangwa kwinjira cyane mu nkuta, 2.4 GHz izaba nziza kurushaho. Ariko, iyo udafite izi mbogamizi, 5 GHz ni amahitamo yihuse. Iyo duhuje ibyiza n'ibibi by'izi frequencies ebyiri tukabihuza muri imwe, dukoresheje uburyo bwo kwinjira mu mpande ebyiri mu gukoresha wireless, dushobora gukuba kabiri bandwidth ya wireless, tukagabanya ingaruka zo kubangamirana, kandi tukishimira umuyoboro mwiza wa Wi-Fi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-09-2021