(1) Kuchokera ku mawonekedwe, timasiyanitsa pakati pa awiriwa
Maswichi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi madoko ambiri ndipo amawoneka ovuta.
Madoko a rauta ndi ochepa kwambiri ndipo voliyumu yake ndi yochepa kwambiri.
Ndipotu, chithunzi chomwe chili kumanja si rauta yeniyeni koma chimagwirizanitsa ntchito ya rauta. Kuwonjezera pa ntchito ya switch (doko la LAN limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati doko la switch, WAN ndi doko lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza ku netiweki yakunja), ndipo ziwirizi Antena ndi malo olowera opanda zingwe a AP (omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa wifi ya netiweki yapafupi yopanda zingwe).
(2) Magawo osiyanasiyana ogwirira ntchito:
Chosinthira choyambirira chinkagwira ntchito pa ** data link la model ya OSI open system interconnection model, ** yomwe ndi layer yachiwiri.
Rauta imagwira ntchito pa netiweki ya chitsanzo cha OSI, chomwe ndi gawo lachitatu
Pachifukwa ichi, mfundo ya switch ndi yosavuta. Kawirikawiri, ma hardware circuits amagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka ma data frames.
Rautayi imagwira ntchito pa netiweki ndipo imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri yolumikizirana ndi netiweki. Kuti igwiritse ntchito ma protocol ovuta kwambiri komanso kukhala ndi ntchito zanzeru zopangira zisankho, nthawi zambiri imayendetsa makina ogwiritsira ntchito mu rautayi kuti igwiritse ntchito ma algorithms ovuta a routing, ndipo imakonda kwambiri kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu. Ntchito yake.
(3) Zinthu zotumizira deta ndi zosiyana:
Chosinthiracho chimatumiza mafelemu a data kutengera adilesi ya MAC
Rauta imatumiza ma datagram/mapaketi a IP kutengera adilesi ya IP.
Chimango cha deta chimaphatikizapo mutu wa chimango (MAC yochokera ndi MAC yopita, ndi zina zotero) ndi mchira wa chimango (CRC check. Code) potengera mapaketi/mapaketi a data a IP. Ponena za adilesi ya MAC ndi adilesi ya IP, simungamvetse chifukwa chake maadiresi awiri amafunikira. Ndipotu, adilesi ya IP imasankha paketi yomaliza ya data kuti ifike kwa host inayake, ndipo adilesi ya MAC imasankha yomwe hop yotsatira idzagwirana nayo. Chipangizo (nthawi zambiri rauta kapena host). Kuphatikiza apo, adilesi ya IP imadziwika ndi mapulogalamu, omwe amatha kufotokoza netiweki komwe host ili, ndipo adilesi ya MAC imadziwika ndi hardware. Khadi lililonse la netiweki lidzalimbitsa adilesi yokhayo ya MAC padziko lonse lapansi mu ROM ya netiweki khadi ikachoka ku fakitale, kotero adilesi ya MAC singathe kusinthidwa, koma adilesi ya IP ikhoza kukonzedwa ndikusinthidwa ndi woyang'anira netiweki.
(4) "Kugawa ntchito" ndi kosiyana
Swichi imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga netiweki ya m'deralo, ndipo rautayi ndi yomwe imayang'anira kulumikiza host ku netiweki yakunja. Ma host angapo amatha kulumikizidwa ku switch kudzera pa chingwe cha netiweki. Pakadali pano, LAN imakhazikitsidwa, ndipo deta imatha kutumizidwa kwa ma host ena mu LAN. Mwachitsanzo, mapulogalamu a LAN monga Feiqiu omwe timagwiritsa ntchito amatumiza deta kwa ma host ena kudzera pa switch. Komabe, LAN yokhazikitsidwa ndi switchyi singathe kulowa pa netiweki yakunja (ndiko kuti, intaneti). Pakadali pano, rauta ikufunika kuti "itsegule chitseko cha dziko lodabwitsa lakunja" kwa ife. Ma host onse omwe ali pa LAN amagwiritsa ntchito IP ya netiweki yachinsinsi, kotero iyenera. Netiweki yakunja ikhoza kupezeka pokhapokha rauta itasinthidwa kukhala IP ya netiweki ya anthu onse.
(5) Malo otsutsana ndi malo owulutsira nkhani
Chosinthirachi chimagawa dera la mikangano, koma sichigawa dera lowulutsa, pomwe chosinthirachi chimagawa dera lowulutsa. Magawo a netiweki olumikizidwa ndi chosinthirachi akadali a dera lomwelo lowulutsa, ndipo mapaketi a data owulutsa adzatumizidwa pa magawo onse a netiweki olumikizidwa ndi chosinthirachi. Pankhaniyi, izi zingayambitse mphepo yamkuntho ndi zofooka zachitetezo. Gawo la netiweki lolumikizidwa ndi chosinthirachi lidzapatsidwa dera lowulutsa losafikirika, ndipo chosinthirachi sichidzatumiza deta yowulutsa. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti phukusi la data la unicast lidzatumizidwa mwapadera kwa wolandila wolunjika ndi chosinthira mu netiweki yapafupi, ndipo ma host ena sadzalandira detayo. Izi ndizosiyana ndi hub yoyambirira. Nthawi yofika ya deta imatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa kutumiza kwa chosinthirachi. Chosinthirachi chidzatumiza deta yowulutsa kwa ma host onse mu LAN.
Chomaliza chodziwa ndichakuti ma router nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ntchito ya firewall, yomwe imatha kusefa mapaketi ena a data ya netiweki. Ma router ena tsopano ali ndi ntchito ya switch (monga momwe zasonyezedwera kumanja pachithunzi pamwambapa), ndipo ma switch ena ali ndi ntchito ya rauta, yomwe imatchedwa ma switch a Layer 3 ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Poyerekeza, ma router ali ndi ntchito zamphamvu kuposa ma switch, koma nawonso ndi ocheperako komanso okwera mtengo kwambiri. Ma switch a Layer 3 ali ndi kuthekera kotumiza ma switch molunjika komanso ntchito zabwino zotumizira ma router, kotero amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-26-2021